Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is also known as sodium oxybate (Xyrem), a Schedule III controlled substance used to treat narcolepsy and cataplexy. It is also produced and distributed illicitly, often as a clear liquid, which is a Schedule I controlled substance.
Common uses of illicit GHB include as a party drug, to enhance sexual activity, for body-building purposes, and to intoxicate victims of sexual assault. It produces potent effects and can be dangerous or life-threatening in high doses.
- GHB is a substance most often misused as a party drug or ‘date rape drug’.
- GHB cannot be absorbed through the skin, unless via cuts or open wounds.
- Emergency treatment may be required if GHB has been ingested, as overdose can be dangerous or fatal.
Can GHB be absorbed through the skin?
GHB cannot be absorbed through the skin. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is typically administered orally or by injection. The effects of the drug occur after absorption in the gut when taken orally. Relatively few drugs can be absorbed through the skin, as the skin forms a protective layer. [1][2]
The skin’s layers consist of the epidermis, which includes the active epidermis and stratum corneum, the dermis, and the subcutaneous fat layer. The stratum corneum is the outermost part of the skin, primarily responsible for inhibiting substance absorption. Unless a drug is specifically designed or intended to be absorbed through the skin, it cannot penetrate this layer. [2]
Due to the structure of the skin, particularly the stratum corneum, water-soluble substances are poorly absorbed, while lipid-soluble (fat-loving) molecules can pass through the skin much more easily. GHB is highly water-soluble, which is why it is often sold and taken as a liquid. [1][2]
GHB vs. GBL
Gamma Butyrolactone (GBL) is an analog of GHB used as an industrial chemical and also used illicitly to produce the same effects as GHB. After absorption, GBL converts to GHB in the body.
Both drugs create the same effects, although the effects of GBL only emerge after it is converted to GHB. Neither can be absorbed by the skin and are typically administered orally when used illicitly. [3]
Myth-busting: Can someone be "drugged" via touch?
No, it is not possible to feel the effects of GHB and most dangerous substances, including fentanyl, simply by touching the drug or being touched by someone with the drug on or in their hands. [4]
If the skin is broken, such as a cut or wound, substances can enter the bloodstream more easily, and therefore, touching a substance to an open wound can cause the onset of the drug’s effects. [1]
What is "GHB baby oil"?
“GHB baby oil” has recently been a topic of discussion, due to the Sean “Diddy” Combs trial. It was reported that law enforcement seized over 1000 bottles of baby oil from Combs’ house, which were allegedly laced with GHB and a benzodiazepine called Rohypnol. [5]
This allegation relates to the accusations of sexual assault faced by Combs earlier this year. GHB, like Rohypnol, has been reported to be used as a “date rape drug” when administered orally, such as by spiking a person’s drink or forcing ingestion.
However, there is no scientific evidence that using GHB-laced baby oil could affect someone when applied to the skin. As such, these allegations, which have been widely spread due to the highly publicized media coverage of this case, have contributed to misconceptions about the drug.
Safety and risk mitigation of GHB exposure
If an individual believes they are exposed to any liquid, oil, or substance containing GHB, ensure safety by avoiding contact with the substance, washing hands or body parts that have been exposed to GHB, and not ingesting it.
If it is suspected that an individual is attempting to administer GHB to someone unwilling or unaware, call 911 for emergency assistance.
Harm reduction
People who choose to use GHB can reduce potential harm by: [6]
- Using GHB with trusted friends, in comfortable and safe environments, and never alone.
- Keeping track of how much has been administered and at what time each dose was taken.
- Using small doses. This can help to prevent serious effects and overdose.
- Waiting at least two hours between doses, as GHB can accumulate in the body, magnifying its effects.
Recognizing GHB intoxication and when to seek help
The effects of GHB can emerge within 15 minutes of ingestion. Effects of GHB can include: [7][8]
- Euphoria
- Sedation
- Drowsiness
- Impaired memory
- Confusion
- Hallucinations
- Aggressive behavior
High doses of GHB can cause more serious effects and may lead to overdose. This can include: [7][8]
- Extreme changes in heart rate
- Seizures
- Loss of consciousness
- Slowed or stopped breathing
- Nausea and vomiting
- Coma
- Death
If any of the above symptoms occur, call 911 immediately, as urgent medical attention may be required.
Sometimes, GHB is used to ‘spike’ a person’s drink, so they become intoxicated and vulnerable to physical or sexual assault. If you notice any of the symptoms of GHB intoxication, especially if you have not intentionally used GHB or any other substance, call 911. It may be advisable to remain with a friend or someone who can keep you safe until professional assistance arrives.
How to seek emergency help
In the event of a suspected overdose or accidental administration of GHB, call 911 immediately for urgent medical assistance, especially if the individual loses consciousness, struggles to breathe, or experiences seizures. It may be necessary to be admitted to the hospital for treatment and monitoring. [8]
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