Dabbing is a way or a method of using cannabis that has gained increasing popularity and involves vaporizing a concentrated form of cannabis (like resin), often called a "dab." These concentrates typically contain high levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ranging from 60–90% concentration depending on the concentrate.
When you take a dab, a high dose of THC is delivered via the lungs to the body with fewer inhalations or drags compared to smoking cannabis flower. [1] Dabbing produces a more intense physiological and psychological effect due to the high THC content and rapid onset of action, as one would typically find with inhalation. [1][2]
The motivations and reasons for dabbing are different from those for smoking cannabis. Regular dab users often mention experimentation as one of the primary reasons for dabbing rather than reasons for seeking to manage anxiety or cope with stress. [3] Thus, the appeal of dabbing has much to do with its potency and unique experiences, differentiating it from other consumption methods like edibles or tinctures. [3]
- Dabbing is the preparation and use of highly concentrated cannabis extracts through inhalation, resulting in more potent effects than traditional smoking, which can lead to stronger and quicker highs.
- The high THC content in dabs increases the risk of rapid onset of psychoactive effects, the potential for overconsumption, and accidents related to the use of high-temperature dabbing equipment.
- One must use reliable equipment when dabbing, dose carefully, ensure proper ventilation, and comply with local cannabis regulations to mitigate health and “occupational” risks and legal issues.
What is a dab?
A dab is a concentrated form of cannabis, commonly found as butane hash oil (BHO), shatter, wax, or other high-THC extracts. [4] This form is then vaporized on a heated surface and inhaled. This method of use, alongside the high levels of THC found in concentrates, makes its physical and psychoactive effects potent and rapid.
The equipment used in dabbing includes the dab rig and a heating source like a butane torch or e-nail.[1][5] Electronic devices like dab pens can be an alternative to traditional setups for people who prefer convenience or control. [5]
People like dabbing because of its potency and efficiency. Concentrates contain significantly higher THC levels than the traditional cannabis flower. [4] This results in a more intense and immediate psychoactive experience, making dabbing popular among recreational users for its intensity and among medical cannabis patients for its fast-acting relief.
The vaporization process can retain more of the plant’s natural flavors due to preserved terpenes, which adds to the appeal; overheating may diminish this benefit. [6]
How is a dab used?
The process of dabbing starts with the user preparing the cannabis concentrate typically handled using a dab tool due to its sticky texture. [5]
A specialized device or tool called a dab rig, a type of water pipe designed for vaporizing concentrates (similar to a bong), is part of this consumption method. The nail or a banger where the concentrate is placed is heated, or an electronic nail (e-nail) is used. When the concentrate touches the heated nail, it vaporizes, and the resulting vapor is inhaled through the rig, often filtered and cooled by a water chamber. [6]
Types of dabs and concentrates
Dabs come in a variety of types or forms, each of them with distinct textures, production methods, and characteristics.
Shatter
Shatter is a translucent, glass-like cannabis concentrate with a brittle and hard texture, allowing it to "shatter." Shatter is produced by extracting impurities, enabling cannabinoids and terpenes to solidify into a stable, glassy form. Shatter typically contains high THC levels, making it one of the most potent dabs available. [7]
Wax
Wax is a soft, crumbly concentrate with a texture resembling candle wax. It is created using a similar extraction process to shatter but involves agitation (whipping) during or after extraction. This introduces air into the concentrate, resulting in its pliable, matte texture. Wax is easier to handle than shatter and is popular for novice (new) users. [6]
Budder
Budder, named so for its smooth, butter-like consistency, is highly valued for its flavor and its aroma. The texture is achieved by whipping the concentrate under controlled heat, which preserves terpenes often lost in other extraction methods. [6]
Live resin
Live resin is made from flash-frozen cannabis plants that preserve terpenes and cannabinoids by preventing degradation during extraction. This results in a concentrate with a rich aroma and flavor profile that is highly sought after by users. Its sticky, viscous consistency sets it apart from more solid concentrates like shatter, for example. [6]
Effects of dabbing
Dabbing delivers a concentrated dose of cannabinoids, mainly THC, resulting in distinct immediate effects, rapid onset, and variable duration. These effects are influenced by the high potency of cannabis concentrates and the efficiency of vaporization during dabbing.
Dabbing produces an intense high (psychoactive experience). The immediate effects shortly after inhalation include: [6]
- Euphoria
- Relaxation
- Heightened sensory perception
- Increased heart rate
- Dry mouth
- Dizziness
Additionally, the concentrated dose may amplify feelings of sedation or anxiety, depending on the individual's tolerance and the specific cannabinoid and terpene profile of the concentrate. [7]
Side effects of dabbing
Side effects from dabbing can range from mild discomfort to more serious reactions, influenced by individual tolerance and use patterns. Here’s a comprehensive list of possible side effects: [4][8][9][10][11]
- Paranoia
- Anxiety
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Dry mouth
- Dry throat
- Dependence
- Coughing
- Irritation of airways (burning sensation)
- Tolerance buildup
- Impaired memory and focus
- Increased heart rate
- Fatigue or sedation
- Headaches
- Sweating
- Panic attacks (in susceptible individuals)
- Hallucinations (at very high doses)
- Psychosis
- Impaired motor coordination
- Appetite changes (increased or decreased)
Tolerance and dependence risks
The extremely high THC content in concentrates accelerates the development of tolerance. In other words, users require increasing amounts to achieve the same effects. Research indicates that dabbing leads to a higher likelihood of withdrawal symptoms not usually associated with different forms of cannabis use.
Withdrawal symptoms make it more likely to result in dependence compared to traditional cannabis use. These findings highlight the addictive potential of this consumption method, especially among frequent users. [8]
Dabbing vs. Other methods of cannabis consumption
Dabbing is unique insofar as its rapid onset, high potency, and inhalation method set it apart from other methods like smoking, vaping, edibles, and tinctures. While it may be effective for immediate effects, it carries higher risks due to chemical contaminants and toxic byproducts than safer methods.
Looking at some of the methods of cannabis consumption compared to dabbing, the two topics discussed are THC delivery and health risks: [3][5][6][18][19]
Smoking
- THC delivery: Smoking typically provides THC concentrations of 10–30%, much lower than the 60–80% THC concentrations in dabs.
- Health Risks: Smoking cannabis exposes users to combustion-related toxins (e.g., tar and carcinogens) but lacks the chemical contaminants (e.g., residual solvents) often found in dabbing concentrates. However, high-quality, well-tested concentrates minimize these risks, just as smoking well-grown and tested flower reduces exposure to harmful substances.
Vaping
- THC Delivery: Vaping cannabis offers a “cleaner” experience than smoking but with THC concentrations closer to smoking flower rather than dabbing.
- Health Risks: Vaping is generally safer than dabbing, with lower risks of toxic chemical byproducts, but it can still produce harmful degradants when using cannabis oils or concentrates with terpenes and is not without risk.
Edibles
- THC Delivery: Edibles deliver cannabinoids via the digestive tract, leading to a slower onset (30–90 minutes) but longer-lasting effects. THC concentrations vary but are usually lower than in dabbing.
- Health Risks: Edibles do not cause inhalation-related risks like lung damage or chemical exposure, but due to their delayed effects, they have a higher risk of overconsumption (overeating edibles).
Tinctures or Sublinguals
- THC Delivery: Tinctures offer precise dosing, with THC absorbed through mucous membranes for faster onset than edibles but with milder effects compared to dabbing.
- Health Risks: Minimal health risks, as no heating or inhalation is required.
Capsules or Pills
- THC Delivery: Similar to edibles, capsules provide a slower onset and more prolonged effects but with consistent dosing. THC concentrations are usually far lower than in dabbing.
- Health Risks: Avoid inhalation-related risks entirely.
Safety and legal concerns with dabbing
A significant safety concern associated with butane hash oil (BHO) dabbing, in particular, is the risk of fire or explosion during the homemade production thereof. Unlike licensed manufacturers who use closed-loop systems to safely recycle solvents, noncommercial methods release butane gas into the air. [12]
Handcrafted BHO dabs are typically formed by blasting butane gas from a torch through the dried marijuana plant material. [13] Butane is highly flammable and can accumulate in enclosed spaces like garages, where even a small spark can ignite an explosion. [14] Many such incidents have caused severe injuries, burns, or fatalities. [15]
Besides being dangerous, the manufacturer violates US federal law, Title 21, US Code, Section 841. [16] Illegal operations are called honey oil labs. [17]
Even in states where recreational marijuana has been legalized, such as California and Colorado, the production of hash oil using butane or other flammable liquids is strictly prohibited. [16] Furthermore, prison sentences have been given to BHO producers following drug lab explosions. [16]
Safety tips and harm reduction for dabbing
Dabbing can provide potent effects but also carries risks if done improperly. The following are safety tips and harm reduction strategies to minimize the potential harm of dabbing.
Harm reduction tips for dabbing
- Use high-quality equipment: Opt for borosilicate glass or medical-grade materials to avoid contamination or breakage.
- Practice temperature control: Keep dab temperatures low (350–400°F / 175–205°C) to reduce exposure to harmful byproducts like benzene. Let the nail cool for 30–60 seconds after torching.
- Start small with doses: Concentrates are highly potent. If you are new to dabbing, use a "rice grain" or "pencil tip" amount to avoid overconsumption. Overconsumption can lead to uncomfortable side effects like anxiety, nausea, or dizziness.
- Ventilate the area: Dab in a well-ventilated space to prevent inhaling residual gases or vapors.
- Check product quality: Only use lab-tested concentrates from reliable sources to ensure no contaminants like residual solvents or pesticides.
Safety tips for dabbing
Ensuring safety while dabbing extends beyond harm reduction to include proper preparation, equipment use, and environmental awareness. These tips can help prevent accidents and maintain your well-being.
- Avoid homemade rigs: Steer clear of makeshift or low-quality rigs, as they can release toxins when heated.
- Secure storage: Store concentrates safely, out of reach of children or pets, and prevent contamination by using clean tools.
- Monitor torch use: Handle torches carefully to avoid burns and prevent overheating the nail or banger.
- Consider using an e-nail: E-nails provide precise temperature control and eliminate fire risks associated with torches.
- Stay hydrated: Dabbing can cause dry mouth or dehydration; drink water regularly.
- Take breaks: Incorporate tolerance breaks to reduce dependency risks and maintain sensitivity to THC.
- Be mindful of mental health: High-potency THC may exacerbate anxiety or paranoia; know your limits and recognize when to pause.
Recognizing overconsumption
Recognizing and addressing symptoms of dabbing overconsumption is crucial for ensuring safety. Common signs include:
- Intense dizziness
- Nausea
- Anxiety
- Panic attacks
- Racing heart
- Palpitations
- "Greening out" (feeling overly sedated or sick)
If overconsumption occurs, the first step is to stay calm and move to a safe, comfortable space. Hydrate with water to alleviate discomfort. Practice slow, deep breathing to help manage anxiety or panic.
If available, consider using CBD, which can counteract some of THC's effects; a CBD tincture or vape can provide relief. While these steps can help, seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or do not improve.
Treatment options for marijuana abuse
Marijuana is indeed less addictive than other commonly abused drugs. Still, some people do experience withdrawals when they cut back or stop using, especially if they are long-term, heavy marijuana users. This is especially true for dabbing, and while cannabis abuse in itself does not always necessitate inpatient treatment, dabbing may be an exception to the rule.
Seeking treatment for marijuana dependence at an inpatient or outpatient treatment facility or rehab center greatly increases the chances of being able to recover entirely. These centers offer medically assisted detox, behavioral therapy, support groups, and other treatments that can help people overcome marijuana use disorder, including the difficult period of withdrawal and detox.
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