Those experiencing housing insecurity, defined as individuals lacking safe and stable accommodation, are at an increased risk of overdose death. [1] However, research has shown that mobile apps can be beneficial in treating substance use disorders (SUDs) in this group, helping to break down barriers to treatment. [1][2]
Breakthrough study: Apps for people with substance misuse and unstable housing
Health-based mobile applications, also known as mHealth, are mobile applications that can be downloaded to a smartphone for use in physical or mental health. [3] This new study examined whether an mHealth app called uMAT-R could improve recovery outcomes for people with SUDs who are also experiencing housing insecurity. [1] This app provides educational resources, community support information, and access to an e-coach to help guide users through their cravings and recovery. [1]
In total, 671 individuals were included in the study, all of whom reported a history of substance use and identified as being housing insecure. [1] This included people living on the streets or in shelters, living in a treatment or medical facility, or living at someone else’s house. [1] The majority of participants were female and of white ethnicity. [1]
The study found that those who logged into the uMAT-R app were less likely to report non-opioid substance use. [1] Additionally, those who messaged the e-coach were less likely to report any illicit drug use, including opioids, and were also associated with improved health literacy. [1] Over time, uMAT-R use was also associated with fewer substance cravings and fewer feelings of being a burden to others. [1]
There were some limitations to this study, including a high dropout rate and a predominantly white sample, which limits generalization to the wider population. [1] Despite this, the study suggests that an accessible digital tool can produce improvements in SUD outcomes for this vulnerable population. [1]
Challenges in reaching at-risk populations
There are several challenges in reaching at-risk populations, which affect their ability to engage in certain SUD interventions. Those experiencing housing insecurity often move around, so it can be difficult to reliably locate them. This not only means it can be difficult to reach them, but also to follow up on any intervention that’s made. This population might also not have a smartphone, so they would not be able to benefit from any mHealth apps. Additionally, some apps have a subscription cost, which some at-risk individuals may be unable or unwilling to pay.
How recovery apps work and their benefits
Mobile recovery apps work by providing users with supportive content related to substance use. This could include education, online coaching, peer support, and personalised guidance. For example, apps related to smoking could contain information about tobacco use risk, the health and financial benefits of quitting, and the best ways to maintain a smoke-free lifestyle. [4]
The main benefit of mHealth apps is that they help to break down barriers to treatment, allowing individuals to access personalized support directly to their smartphones. This is particularly helpful for reaching vulnerable groups of people who would have difficulty accessing traditional treatment. Several studies have demonstrated good retention and engagement among users of their apps, highlighting their effectiveness among those who download them. [2]
Additionally, the uMAT-R study has shown that apps can help improve mental health and reduce cravings. [1] The ease of accessibility and flexible use of mobile apps are also significant benefits.Â
Proven apps in action
Below is a table summarizing some of the current mHealth apps that are available for download. [5]
| App | Target group | Key outcomes | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sober: Recovery Tracker | Anyone with an alcohol or substance addiction. | Sobriety tracker, relapse support, and anonymous community. | Free to download, with in-app purchases. |
| Sober Grid | Anyone with an alcohol or substance addiction. | A social network that aims to connect people in recovery from SUD, providing peer-to-peer support. | Free. |
| I Am Sober | Anyone with an alcohol or substance addiction. | Sober counter, motivational messages. | Free version available. I Am Sober Plus is typically $9.99/month. |
| Headspace | Anyone looking for guidance on feeling calmer. | Guided meditation, sleep resources. | Free trial available, subscription typically $12.99/month. |
Who benefits most from recovery apps?
Recovery apps can be beneficial for a wide range of individuals, but certain groups may benefit more. The uMAT-R app has specifically shown effectiveness with individuals experiencing housing insecurity. [1] Recovery apps may be more beneficial in this group due to the barriers they face in accessing traditional treatment services. [1]Â
Along the same line, for those living in rural areas or with limited addiction and recovery services, apps can provide valuable support. Those who are just starting their recovery journey may also find apps particularly useful, as the 24/7 access can provide support and resources at any time of the day or night. Additionally, younger people who tend to spend more time on their smartphones may also find apps more engaging than traditional treatments.Â
Best practices and maximizing app impact
It’s important to mention that recovery apps are not designed to be used alone. They should provide a complementary role alongside professional help, which could include medical treatment and behavioral therapy. Using apps in this way can help maximise their impact and increase the chance of a long-term successful recovery.Â
It’s also important that individuals choose the right app for their recovery needs. Different apps provide different services and resources, such as sobriety tracking, motivation information, e-coaching, and peer support. [5] Using an app that best suits an individual's needs will help boost their engagement and maximize its impact.Â
To get the most out of the recovery app itself, consistent and active engagement is vital. Research indicates that regularly logging in and using interactive features, such as messaging an e-coach or participating in peer support communities, is associated with better outcomes compared to passive use alone. [1] Finally, having access to a smartphone and being confident in using it is essential in order to benefit from recovery apps.Â
