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Methamphetamine is a stimulant-type substance that can cause addiction and severe health consequences. Methamphetamine use can increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis, a potentially fatal condition caused by the breakdown of muscle tissue, which can lead to kidney failure and other organ dysfunction.
- Methamphetamine abuse can cause physical and psychological harm.
- Rhabdomyolysis can occur as a result of methamphetamine use and is caused by the breakdown of muscle tissue and the release of toxic cells into the bloodstream.
- Rhabdomyolysis can be severe or even fatal and should be treated with addressing the underlying cause and intervening to improve hydration and kidney functioning.
Methamphetamine as a trigger for rhabdomyolysis
Methamphetamine is a substance within the stimulant class, typically used recreationally as a drug of abuse. It impacts the central nervous system (CNS), leading to physical effects (such as increased heart rate, increased energy, abnormal movements) and psychological effects (such as hallucinations, paranoia, aggressive or violent behaviors, and intense euphoria). [1]
Rhabdomyolysis is a condition caused by the breakdown of muscle tissue, leading to damaged or necrotic cells entering the bloodstream. This can lead to severe effects on the body, including kidney failure and heart issues. These effects can require urgent medical attention and may be fatal in some cases. [2]
There are several causes of rhabdomyolysis, including strenuous exercise, traumatic injury, or drug use. Methamphetamine-induced rhabdomyolysis can be particularly harmful. The effects of methamphetamine on body temperature, hydration, and movement increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis because of the impact these have on muscles. [3]
One study indicates that rhabdomyolysis may occur in around 20% of people who use methamphetamine. [4]
Symptoms and diagnosis
The most common symptoms of rhabdomyolysis are: [2]
- Muscle pain
- Dark urine
- Nausea
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Excess swelling and bruising
- Elevated levels of creatine kinase
- Electrolyte imbalances
In severe cases, rhabdomyolysis can cause confusion, kidney failure, and cardiovascular collapse. [2][5]
Diagnosis
In other cases, the symptoms of rhabdomyolysis may be mild or unnoticeable; around 50% of people with the condition may not exhibit any symptoms. [2][3] Recognizing rhabdomyolysis can be difficult in those who have minimal symptoms.
For individuals who experience muscle pain and impaired kidney functioning, it is imperative to seek medical care. Blood and urine tests will help make the diagnosis. [5] Elevated blood creatine kinase (CK) levels of at least 5000 U/L, which is five times the normal limit, can indicate rhabdomyolysis. Kidney failure may or may not be present. [2]
Treatment approaches
Treatment for rhabdomyolysis can depend on the severity of the condition. It may be necessary to replace fluids to treat dehydration and improve kidney functioning. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney replacement therapy may be required. [6]
Without professional monitoring or intervention, rhabdomyolysis can progress and become more severe, potentially leading to serious kidney and cardiovascular damage, which may be fatal. [2][3]
Immediate medical interventions
In mild cases, medical intervention may not be necessary. Encouraging oral hydration, combined with close monitoring, is advised for supportive care and to monitor for disease progression. [2]
If immediate medical interventions for rhabdomyolysis are necessary, giving intravenous fluids is the first step. If kidney function does not improve, kidney replacement therapy may be necessary to remove harmful waste products from the kidneys and support cardiovascular functioning. [5]
Long-term management strategies and rehabilitation
Facilitating complete recovery requires ensuring continued adequate hydration, monitoring kidney function, and rebalancing electrolytes. Long-term management of rhabdomyolysis involves addressing and remediating the underlying causes, which will include stopping methamphetamine use. [6]
Other factors to consider can include managing pain, improving nutrition, ensuring adequate rest, and improving muscle function with exercise. [5]
Prevention and risk reduction for methamphetamine users
The best way to avoid methamphetamine-induced rhabdomyolysis is to stop using methamphetamine. However, people who are not yet able to stop methamphetamine use completely may benefit from certain techniques or prevention strategies to help reduce their risks: [5][7]
- Hydration: Impaired kidney function occurs as a result of rhabdomyolysis, and ensuring proper hydration may reduce the severity.
- Not combining drugs: Avoiding other substances while using methamphetamine can help reduce the risk of rhabdomyolysis. Certain types of medications can interact with or increase the effects of methamphetamine, while other drug combinations may be particularly taxing to the kidneys.
- Medical check-ups: Early diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis or other methamphetamine-induced conditions can improve the chances of a successful recovery, so it can be beneficial to have regular medical checks, including blood tests.
- Avoiding alcohol: Due to its impact on the kidneys, using alcohol and methamphetamine increases the risk of dehydration and rhabdomyolysis.
Treatment options for methamphetamine use
People who use methamphetamine may require professional advice and support to reduce and stop use. Treatment options can include inpatient and outpatient programs that support people with detox and addiction recovery, using evidence-based therapies and medications. [1][8]
Coming off methamphetamine may lead to dangerous withdrawal symptoms and high risks of relapse. As such, utilizing professional support may be more suitable than attempting to stop at home or without advice. [8]
People can look at the Recovered Directory to find available rehab options.
