Cuckooing is a growing concern in the UK, particularly in drug-related crimes and organized exploitation networks. This form of criminal activity involves offenders taking over the homes of vulnerable individuals—often through coercion, threats, or deception—to use them for illegal activities such as drug dealing.
As cuckooing cases rise, it is crucial to understand how it works, recognize the warning signs, and know what legal protections exist for those affected.
What is cuckooing?
Cuckooing is a form of criminal exploitation where offenders take over the homes of vulnerable individuals—using coercion, deception, or intimidation—to use them as bases for illegal activities. Victims are usually people with psychological, social, or economic hardships, such as people with mental health conditions, substance use disorders, financial instability, or social isolation. [1]
Perpetrators typically exploit these vulnerabilities by posing as friends or offering money, drugs, or protection before resorting to threats or violence to maintain control. [2] As a result, victims may be forced to store drugs, contraband, or weapons, host criminals, or even participate in illegal activities.
Cuckooing is particularly prevalent in drug-related crime, especially within ‘county lines’ operations—where urban gangs expand into rural or suburban areas to distribute drugs. Criminals use cuckooed homes to distribute drugs, safe houses, or stash points; this allows them to evade law enforcement in areas with a lower police presence. [3][4]
For example, gangs may target individuals recovering from addiction, exploiting their dependency on drugs and knowledge of past or current illegal activities to secure control over their property. This method lets criminals expand their operations discreetly while leaving victims in dangerous and legally precarious situations. Because many cuckooing victims are already marginalized, they often fear reporting the crime due to threats of violence or potential repercussions from authorities. [5]
Where does the term "cuckooing" come from?
The term “cuckooing” comes from the behavior of cuckoo birds, which lay their eggs in other birds' nests, forcing the host birds to raise their young. In the criminal context, this metaphor describes how offenders exploit vulnerable people by taking over their homes for illicit purposes, effectively stripping them of their autonomy and turning their residences into hubs for crime. [1]
Cuckooing has become an increasing concern in the United Kingdom, particularly within ‘county lines’ networks (gangs that move illegal drugs to different locations around the country). In January 2024, the National Crime Agency estimated that approximately 2,000 county lines networks operate in the UK. Recorded instances of cuckooing have risen significantly over recent years. In London, there were 316 recorded cases of cuckooing in 2022 compared to just 79 in 2018. Sussex has seen a tenfold increase in these offenses over the last five years. [3]
Who is usually targeted in cuckooing cases?
Perpetrators seek out individuals lacking substantial support networks or the resources to resist coercion. Typical targets include: [1]
- Elderly individuals
- People with disabilities (physical or learning)
- People with mental health conditions
- Socially isolated individuals
- Financially vulnerable people
- Individuals struggling with substance addiction
- Sex workers
- Undocumented migrants.
Is cuckooing a crime?
The Crime and Policing Bill, introduced to the UK Parliament in February 2025 by Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, aims to make cuckooing a specific criminal offense. This legislative move seeks to address the exploitation of vulnerable people whose homes are taken over by criminals for illicit activities. [5][6]
Under the proposed law, people convicted of cuckooing in the UK could face up to five years in prison. Previously, prosecutions had to rely on related offenses such as harassment, assault, and modern slavery. [5]
The bill also introduces Child Criminal Exploitation (CCE) prevention orders, allowing courts to impose restrictions on individuals suspected of exploiting children or vulnerable adults. These measures aim to provide victims with clearer legal protections and ensure they receive support rather than prosecution.[5][7]
Signs someone may be a victim of cuckooing
- A high number of people entering and leaving the property throughout the day
- An increase in bikes or cars parked outside
- Cars arriving at the property and leaving very shortly after
- Anti-social behavior, such as excessive noise or littering
- Visible damage to the property, internally or externally
- The homeowner or tenant appears anxious, isolated, or emotionally unwell
- Signs of physical assault, such as bruises, cuts, or scars.[1]
What to do if you have become a victim of cuckooing
If you believe you are being exploited through cuckooing, you must act as soon as possible to ensure your safety. Criminals use coercion, threats, or manipulation to maintain control. These tactics make it difficult for people who are victims of cuckooing to get the help they need. However, support is available, and law enforcement agencies are increasingly aware of the dangers posed by cuckooing.
1. Recognize the signs
If someone has taken over your home, and you feel trapped, intimidated, or unable to say no, you may be a victim of cuckooing.
2. Contact the authorities
- You can report cuckooing to your local police by calling 101 (non-emergency) or 999 in an emergency. [7] Additionally, you can:
- Report anonymously via Crimestoppers (0800 555 111)
- Contact your local council’s safeguarding team
- Speak with a social worker, housing officer, or support service
3. Seek support and protection
Victims of cuckooing may qualify for safeguarding assistance under the Modern Slavery Act 2015 if coercion, control, or exploitation is involved. [4] Support services include:
- Hope for Justice – A UK organization helping victims escape exploitation. [1]
- Victim support – Provides emotional and practical help for victims of crime
- Local housing authorities – They may help you relocate or regain control of your property
4. Avoid confrontation
If someone has taken over your home, do not confront them alone. Criminals involved in cuckooing can be dangerous, and it is safer to seek professional help from the police or a support organization. Some people may believe that vacating their home is a good way to avoid confrontation and maintain their safety in such a situation. However, it may be difficult to regain control of your living space after that, so it’s advised to address the problem gently and tactfully for the best results.
5. Moving forward
Once help has been provided, consider these steps to prevent further exploitation:
- Change your locks (if necessary)
- Seek legal advice regarding tenancy rights
- If possible, try and build a support network of trusted friends, family, or professionals
- Report any further threats or intimidation immediately
You can regain control of your home and safety by taking these steps. Authorities recognize the coercive nature of cuckooing, and support is available to ensure you are not left to face it alone.
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