Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant medication that promotes wakefulness and alertness. [1] It’s FDA-approved for the treatment of several conditions that result in daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnoea. [1] Its effects on concentration and alertness have made modafinil increasingly used recreationally; however, using modafinil without a prescription can have significant consequences.
- Modafinil is a stimulant medication that can be used for several conditions that cause daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
- Modafinil is a Schedule IV controlled substance, which means there are limitations on its prescribing and use.
- Despite modafinil’s recreational use amongst students and professionals, it is illegal to possess modafinil without a prescription.Â
Is modafinil a controlled substance?
Modafinil is a Schedule IV controlled substance, and it has been since 1999. [1][2] The scheduling system for controlled drugs ranks them from Schedule I (highest abuse potential) to Schedule V (lowest abuse potential). [3] As a Schedule IV controlled substance, modafinil falls into the same regulatory category as other prescribed drugs like Xanax, Valium, and tramadol. [3]
While Schedule IV represents a moderate degree of restriction, it recognizes that modafinil carries a risk of misuse and dependency, albeit lower than many other stimulants. This classification means that modafinil prescriptions are subject to specific legal requirements, including limitations on refills and the need for a valid prescription from a licensed healthcare provider. Consequently, healthcare providers must follow more rigorous prescribing protocols and monitoring requirements for regulated drugs than for unregulated ones.
Why is modafinil a controlled substance?
Modafinil is a controlled substance because it carries a risk of abuse and dependence. Being in Schedule IV acknowledges this risk while also recognising the potential medical uses. Its controlled substance status means it’s illegal to have modafinil without a valid prescription. Additionally, medical professionals who prescribe modafinil inappropriately could face disciplinary or legal action.
Modafinil vs. Adderall
Modafinil and Adderall are both stimulants that act on the central nervous system. Both drugs are approved for treating narcolepsy, but Adderall can also be used for ADHD. Adderall is considered the ‘stronger’ of the two, with a higher risk of misuse and addiction. [4] Subsequently, Adderall is a Schedule II controlled substance, putting it in the same category as cocaine and heroin. [4]
Is modafinil addictive?
The risk of addiction to modafinil is low, but it is possible, which is reflected in its controlled substance status. [1] It’s thought that modafinil has an effect on the dopamine system in the brain associated with reward and addiction. [5] Studies have also found that modafinil can cause euphoric and psychoactive effects, which are seen with other addictive substances. [1] Some users report feelings of enhanced mood and increased confidence, which can contribute to psychological dependence. Subsequently, prescribers are advised to use modafinil with caution for individuals with a history of substance misuse. [1]
While most people who take modafinil as prescribed do not develop addiction, certain patterns of use may increase risk. Taking higher doses than recommended, using the medication more frequently than prescribed, or taking it for non-medical purposes can all increase the potential for dependence.Â
Risks of counterfeits and misusing modafinil
Modafinil’s effects on concentration and alertness have increased its recreational use, particularly among students and professionals seeking improved focus and productivity. [6] However, alongside the legal implications, exceeding recommended doses or using modafinil for non-medical purposes can cause adverse effects. This includes headache, nausea, insomnia, and anxiety. [1] Using modafinil recreationally without medical supervision can increase the risk of misuse and dependence.Â
Obtaining modafinil without a prescription often means purchasing from unregulated online pharmacies, which can carry significant risks. They may supply counterfeit medications that could contain incorrect dosages or harmful additives. This makes correct dosing difficult to achieve and also increases the risk of harmful adverse effects.
Implications and safety
Using modafinil without a valid prescription is illegal under federal law and can result in criminal charges, including fines and potential imprisonment. Penalties vary depending on the quantity possessed and whether there's evidence of intent to distribute.
For those prescribed modafinil for medical needs, a healthcare provider ensures proper evaluation, dosing, and monitoring. Medical professionals can assess whether modafinil is appropriate given an individual's specific condition and medical history. They can also monitor for side effects and adjust treatment as needed, ensuring that modafinil is being used in a safe way.
To maximise safety while taking modafinil, ensure it’s being taken exactly as prescribed, and report any side effects or concerns to a medical professional.Â
